As we have indicated, there are two ways to delete files from flash, depending on the type of router. However, starting with IOS Version Table lists some of the different filesystem commands, their meanings, and the filesystems that they work with.
The erase command is not available on all router types. On routers that use the Class C filesystem, you can only remove files from the flash with the delete command. The delete command marks files as deleted, but it does not permanently remove them:. You can permanently remove a file and reclaim the space on the flash device with the squeeze command.
Note, however, that only routers with the type A filesystem support this command:. The squeeze function can take up to several minutes, so be patient. Once the squeeze command is complete, you can view the flash device to verify that the file is gone:.
The file has now been permanently removed and you can no longer recover it with the undelete command. On routers with filesystems that do not support the squeeze command, the only way to permanently remove deleted files is to use the erase command.
However, the erase command deletes the entire flash system and will not permit you to delete individual files. In the next recipe, we look at ways to partition flash devices in order to reduce the impact of the erase command. As we discussed in Recipe 1. Fortunately, you can use the partition command on flash devices to shelter some files from the effects of the erase command. After you have partitioned a flash device, the erase command only affects one partition at a time.
You can use this to allow you to delete individual files without having to wipe out the entire flash device. In the next example, we partitioned a flash device into two equal parts. We then stored an IOS image on each of the partitions.
You can see the partitions and their contents with the following command:. Note that the router treats the two partitions as if they were separate flash devices. You can erase the contents of a particular partition by specifying the flash device name followed by the partition number and a colon:. If you view the entire flash device again, you can see that the file in partition 2 has been erased, while the contents of partition 1 remain untouched:. You can remove an existing set of partitions with the no partition command:.
If you attempt to create a partition that divides an existing file, the router will identify it as a problem. You want to configure your router to act as a TFTP server. The tftp-server command configures the router to act as a TFTP server:. The ability to use a router as a TFTP server can be quite useful. Then you can configure this router to act as a TFTP server, and use it to upgrade the remaining routers over high-speed local links.
However, the router is not a fully functional TFTP server. It can only serve files for download. You can even use it to hold configuration files for non-Cisco equipment. Security is a concern whenever you enable services on a router. Every extra service you enable provides the wily hacker with a new potential avenue to exploit against your network. However, for internal use, we believe it is reasonably safe. In this example, we defined an access list, 99, that will allow all devices on the Then we applied the access list to the TFTP service by specifying the access list number at the end of the tftp-server command line.
This will help to ensure that only the authorized devices permitted by the access list may download the specified file via TFTP. You can configure the router to serve multiple files via TFTP by simply adding more tftp-server commands. If security is a concern, you can configure a different access list for each file. Although this feature can be useful, we recommend enabling it only when you need to perform a download.
Disabling the service as soon as the download has completed mitigates the security concerns of running extra services from your router. The copy ftp : command lets the router exchange files using FTP:. We explicitly defined a username and password in this example. Several recipes in this chapter show how to transfer files between your router and server using TFTP. However, Cisco routers also support FTP, which is better suited for transferring files over busy and congested links.
TFTP has no user level security features. However, FTP sends its passwords across the network in unencrypted cleartext, so it is still not highly secure. In the example we explicitly configured a FTP username and password on the router. You can also override the username and password settings defined in the configuration file by including them on the command line:. You can use URL format to specify the username, password, server address, and file you want to download.
A colon separates the username, ijbrown , from the password, ianpassword. An sign then separates the user information from the server information, which can be either an IP address or a DNS name.
It is important to remember that if you specify a username and password on the command line, it will override whatever values you have configured. You need to generate hundreds of router configuration files for a big network rollout. When building a large WAN, you will usually configure the remote branch routers similarly according to a template.
This is a good basic design principle, but it also makes it relatively easy to create the router configuration files. Example uses a Perl script to merge a CSV file containing basic router information with a standard template file. This Perl script is a simplified version of much longer scripts that we have used to create the configuration files for some very large networks. After loading these configuration files into the routers, we shipped them to the remote locations along with a hard copy of the configuration in case there were problems during shipment.
The technician installing the router could then simply connect the appropriate cables and power on the router. This methodology can save hundreds of hours in a network installation project. CSV , run the script as follows:. Using a CSV file like is convenient because you can keep track of the entire network in a spreadsheet and create a CSV file containing the data you need for the router configurations.
The template configuration needs to include unique variable names that the script will replace with values from the CSV file. For example, the template configuration file might look like this:. The script expects to find this template file located in the current directory with the name rtr-template.
Naturally, your router templates will not look like this one, and your CSV file will almost certainly contain other data that is important to your network. This script will probably need significant local modification every time you use it on a new network, but the amount of time required to modify the script is usually far less than the amount of time needed to create all of the configuration files by hand.
The output of this script will be a series of files whose names are the same as the router names, but with. You can then use a terminal emulator to cut and paste the router configuration files into the routers prior to shipping them to their destinations. You want to make a configuration change to a large number of routers. The Expect script in Example makes the same configuration changes to a list of routers using Telnet.
When it finishes running, the script produces a status report that identifies which devices, if any, failed to update properly. No arguments are required or expected. This script uses the Expect language to emulate how a human router engineer might perform a series of configuration updates via TFTP. Automating a routine but time-consuming procedure with a script like this saves time and decreases the chances of fatigue-induced errors. The script is designed to work with either normal router passwords or the AAA-enabled username and password combinations described in Chapter 3.
The script begins by asking you to supply a username. Then the script asks for the enable password and begins to perform the required configuration changes. The script is designed to work with IOS versions Unfortunately, Cisco changed the command sequence prior to You must change two variables in this script for it to work in your network.
The first variable is called tftp. The second variable you need to change is workingdir , which must contain the name of the directory that holds the list of routers, the file of configuration changes, and where the script will put its report.
The script expects to find two files in the working directory. Using this file, the script will log into all of the routers and change the enable secret password. You could put any number of commands in this configuration file, but because the exact same set of configuration commands will be downloaded into every router, you should never change anything that is unique to a particular router such as an IP address this way.
This method is perfect for changing passwords, SNMP community strings, access lists, and other things that can be the same on all routers. This status file contains detailed status reports of what happened on each router. You need an up-to-date list of the hardware configurations and IOS levels of all of your routers.
By default, the script stores this data in CSV format so that you can easily import it into a spreadsheet for analysis. The inventory. This ensures that the data is up-to-date. You can even automate this script to run periodically, ensuring that your inventory information is always accurate.
Whether you. It has been developed to overcome the issue that Turbo C 3 has with operating in full screen on 64 bit versions of Windows 7, and Wind. Using this tool, one can share the LAN connection to nearby devices.
An easy and intuitive interfac. The platform can open, view, convert, print, and edit PDF files. PDF Reader is a li. RouterPassView for Windows 1. Download Latest Version for Windows. RouterPassView for PC 1. Professional Premier Premier Enterprise. Choose what best fits your environment and budget to get the most out of your software. Get priority call queuing and escalation to an advanced team of support specialist.
Premier Support Premier Enterprise Support. Database Management. Orange Matter. View Orange Matter. LogicalRead Blog. The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment.
All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared default configuration. If your network is live, make sure that you understand the potential impact of any command. Refer to Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions.
This is a step-by-step approach to copy a configuration from a router to a TFTP server, and back to another router.
Before you proceed with this method, make sure you have a TFTP server on the network to which you have IP connectivity. The prompt changes to Router , which indicates that the router is now in privileged mode.
Open the configuration file with a text editor. Search for and remove any line that starts with "AAA".
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